The history of Santa Cruz, California, and the Santa Cruz Mission, including the mission’s impact on Native American history.
This building is a small replica of the original Mission Santa Cruz. Photograph by Linda Jo Martin in 2011.
Mission Santa Cruz was a bridge between past and future for local Ohlone natives and immigrants on the California coast.
Monterey Bay dwellers of the past were Ohlones. They lived in peace for many centuries, but when the Spanish Jesuit priests came to their homeland to create a mission, their lives were radically changed, forever.
Today Santa Cruz is a homey seaside town well-known for the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk amusement park.
With the crashing, ever-vibrant surf on one side and the forested California coastal mountains on the other, Santa Cruz and its life-giving San Lorenzo River offered a hopeful and bountiful homeland rich in fresh air and bordered by mountainous beauty.
Originally occupied by Ohlone Native Americans, the northern corner of the Monterey Bay, now known as Santa Cruz, became a stop on El Camino Real for missionaries exploring California in the 1700s. They established a mission and colonized the area, attracting many Native Americans into their fold.
When the Mexican governor decided to establish a town near the mission, many Native Americans were distracted from mission life by the rewards of a wild west town… wine, women, and song. This set up a festering conflict between the devout and controlling Spanish priests and the wild Californios without any comparable morals or ethics. Natives caught between these two forces of human nature often paid a painful price.
Ohlone Native Americans – history of early Santa Cruz residents – The Ohlones were the original residents of Santa Cruz…
Ohlone Native Americans were also called Coastanoans. They lived from the Monterey Bay north to the San Francisco Bay Area. After the arrival of the Spaniard explorers and missionaries, the Ohlone civilization lasted only about fifty years. Many natives died from diseases introduced by the Europeans. They are buried around all the missions of the region. The Santa Cruz County towns of Aptos, Soquel, and Zayante have Ohlone names.
The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area
Author Malcolm Margolin has received dozens of awards for this and other books. The Ohlone Way is included in the San Francisco Chronicle’s “Top 100 Non-Fiction Books of the Century”. This book describes the culture of the Ohlone people who occupied the San Francisco Bay Area and lived as far south as Santa Cruz, California, before the Californios, Franciscans, and Anglo-Americans arrived. This book has been called a “mini classic” by critic Pat Holt. Reader Judith Hansen called it “A truly beautifully written book.”
Discovery by explorer Gaspar de Portola
Gaspar de Portola
The first Europeans to set eyes on the Santa Cruz area were Gaspar de Portola and other members of his expedition in 1769. He was a Spanish explorer on California’s west coast.
He named the San Lorenzo River in honor of Saint Lawrence. The hills above the river were called Santa Cruz (holy cross). A local creek was named Arroyo de Santa Cruz.
Diary Of Gaspar De Portola During The California Expedition Of 1769-1770
Gaspar de Portola was the first governor of Mexican-occupied California, starting in 1767, and he was the author of this brief diary which was translated from Spanish. [60 pages]
On October 17, 1769 Gaspar de Portola crossed over a river that is now in the city of Santa Cruz. He named it the Rio de San Lorenzo.
…Aulinta…
Jesuit Father Fermin Lasuen chose the Mission Santa Cruz site on August 28, 1791 for Father Junipero Serra.
The original residents of the area – Ohlone Native Americans, found their lives changed forever.
The beautiful mission site overlooked the San Lorenzo River. The Ohlones called this place ‘Aulinta’.
The Ohlone natives lived and worked as indentured servants at Mission Santa Cruz.
The mission was dedicated on September 25, 1791 by two priests, Father I. Salazar and Father B. Lopez. Father Lasuen was unable to attend. This was California’s twelfth Franciscan mission. The mission’s original name is La Mision de la Exaltacion de la Santa Cruz – Mission for the Exaltation of the Holy Cross.
The original mission was damaged in an earthquake in 1840, then totally destroyed by another earthquake in 1857. It is called the mission of misfortune because so many bad things happened. Father Obles nearly gave up and closed up shop in 1818.
The current mission building was not built on the foundation of the original mission, nor is it the same size! The original was about twice as big! But it is lovely. There’s a little museum and gift shop there. Worth visiting!
Mission Santa Cruz historical documentary – Santa Cruz history on DVD, also available in a VHS version.
California’s Mission Santa Cruz
Directed by Adeeb Barsoum, originally of Egypt, a graduate of the College of Cinema in Cairo, and a former employee of Egyptian Television. A resident of California since 1967, Barsoum produced and directed 21 documentaries about California missions including this one about Mission Santa Cruz and Santa Cruz history. He also produced two feature films. He moved to Arizona in 2004.
This Santa Cruz history documentary is narrated by Laurie Scolari. The film tells about both the past and present of the Santa Cruz Mission, an early stronghold of the Santa Cruz community.
Villa de Branciforte history – early town now annexed into Santa Cruz
Villa de Branciforte was founded in 1797, only 6 years after the mission was dedicated.
The Villa de Branciforte was one of three Spanish/Mexican Californio civilian settlements in early California history. The other two were San Jose and Los Angeles. The other two were pueblos; Branciforte was called a “villa”. It was named after Miguel de la Grua Talamanca y Branciforte, originally of Sicily, an officer in the Spanish military.
Villa de Branciforte was about a mile from the mission, but on the other side of the San Lorenzo River. It attracted a lot of the Native Americans who tired of mission work. They indulged in the vices of the little town of Branciforte, and when they returned to the mission were severely punished by the priests who tried hard to keep the “savages” in line so they could receive God’s grace. Such beatings and other punishments only served to make more Ohlones want to leave the mission. The mission’s future was doomed.
In 1905 Villa de Branciforte was annexed into the city of Santa Cruz. You can find a historic monument marking the site if you drive on North Branciforte Avenue. The monument is on public school property.
Santa Cruz becomes a city
The rest of the history of Santa Cruz, in a nutshell.
Up until the 1820s Santa Cruz was dominated by Spaniards, but then the newly liberated Mexicans took over. The Santa Cruz Mission was secularized in 1834 and the mission community was named Pueblo de Figueroa. Later the community’s name was Santa Cruz.
In the mid-1800s United States immigrants flooded into the area. The Bear Flag Rebellion expelled Mexican leaders from Alta California in 1848. California initially became an independent republic and soon was granted USA statehood.
Santa Cruz officially became a city in 1866.
Santa Cruz history landmarks
On the National Register of Historic Places
A. J. Hinds House (8/25/1983)
Allan Brown Site (6/25/1981)
Bank of Santa Cruz County (3/15/1982)
Branciforte Adobe (1/31/1979)
Carmelita Court (3/20/1986)
Cope Row Houses (1/28/1982)
Cowell Lime Works Historic District (11/21/2007)
Elias H. Robinson House (1/9/1998)
Garfield Park Branch Library (3/26/1992)
Glen Canyon Covered Bridge (5/17/1984)
Golden Gate Villa (7/24/1975)
Hotel Metropole (5/23/1979)
Live Oak Ranch (7/10/1975)
Looff Carousel and Roller Coaster (2/27/1987)
Mission Hill Area Historic District (5/17/1976)
Neary-Rodriguez Adobe (2/24/1975)
Octagon Building (3/24/1971)
Santa Cruz Downtown Historic District (7/27/1989)
US Post Office-Santa Cruz Main (1/11/1985)
Veterans Memorial Building (4/27/1992)
Santa Cruz history landmarks
On the California Register of Historical Resources
Mission Santa Cruz
Center of Villa de Branciforte
Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk
The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk: A Century by the Sea
Here’s what I remember best from my years of visiting Santa Cruz. My mother was raised there. When I was a child we often went back to visit her relatives. Now my brother lives in Santa Cruz.
My favorite ride at the boardwalk is the Giant Dipper. I have been on that roller coaster many times.
Santa Cruz, CA Resources on the Web
Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History – The Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History: connecting people with nature, and inspiring stewardship of the natural world.
Villa de Branciforte Preservation Society – Historic preservation of the Villa de Branciforte area.
Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk – Everything you could want to know about the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk.
Highway 17 History
Highway 17: The Road to Santa Cruz
There are two main roads for access to Santa Cruz. One is Highway 1 – the California Coast Highway. The other road, Highway 17, winds through the California Coast Mountains connecting Santa Cruz with San Jose, California. That road is the topic of this book. It is well-known to be a dangerous journey, but those who have been there remember it well, and thus, it is the focus of this book.
My favorite mission is Old Mission San Luis Rey at Oceanside,CA
I will check out your site and learn more about it!
Can you put if the Ohlone indians glad to be at mission santa cruz.
I believe they might have been happy to be there, at first. But of course, people aren’t always going to be happy, and there’s some history of abuse of the Native Americans there. I am so sad that the Native American cemetery was covered by a parking lot… except for a very small section. That’s common for many of the Native American cemeteries near the missions in California. Maybe I’m too sensitive, but I don’t like that and feel it was disrespectful to cover it.
Hi,
The tribe that was brought to the Santa Cruz mission was actually called the Uyupi tribe, which is part of the Awaswas language group. Ohlone is somewhat of an outdated term, as it very broadly includes any Native peoples in the Bay Area region. The Uyupi people didn’t disappear or go extinct during the Mission period, their descendants are represented by the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band. http://amahmutsun.org/
While the Uyupi people might have initially welcomed the Mission, their later actions show clearly that they were unhappy being there. They weren’t there of their own free will–it was common and widespread for the Mission system in California to capture and enslave Native peoples and force them to unlearn their traditional ways in favor of the Mission’s teachings. There was a long history of revolt at Mission Santa Cruz, largely led by the women, who were treated brutally by the male church officials. This is recorded in Mission documents from the time, so there can be no question that the Uyupi people did not enjoy being enslaved at the Mission and risked their lives to leave it.
The way that kids in California are introduced to the Mission system is very misleading. Often, Native perspectives are ignored in favor of a narrative that makes the Missions sound a lot less harmful than they were. Please update this article with more accurate information. Info about the Uyupi and the Awaswas language group, as well as the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band is very easily found on Google.
Thanks so much for all this information about the Uyupi Tribe! I will update soon, I hope, as you suggested. Sorry I didn’t find your comment until today – it is dated September 6, 2020, and on September 8, 2020 my home was burned by a forest fire… so I’ve been in recovery mode ever since, living in hotels, in my van, and now in a travel trailer as I wait for my land to be declared safe to live on again. I’m truly excited to get your information about the Native Americans living at the Santa Cruz mission.